Research and Academics Glossary

Abstract

An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated; 2) the basic design of the study; 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and, 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

"Stigma and social inequality deprive disadvantaged social groups of a sense of social well-being. Stress researchers have focused on prejudice-related events and conditions but have not described more intangible stressors experienced by sexual minorities. We use narrative methods to examine how sexual minorities experience stigma and social inequality as we focus on the more intangible stressors that are both pervasive and difficult to measure. Three themes emerged in the narratives of our ethnically diverse sample of 57 adult sexual minority women and men: (a) stigma deprived them of access to critical possibilities and opportunities; (b) stigma deprives them of safety and acceptance; and (c) despite this, the experience of stigma is also related to the adoption of a positive and collective orientation towards their stigmatized identities. Recognizing these stressors and related resilience can direct policy makers toward interventions that go even beyond eliminating prejudice by including goals to strengthen minority communities."

('"We'd Be Free": Narratives of Life Without Homophobia, Racism, or Sexism' by Ilan H. Meyer, Suzanne C. Ouellette, Rahwa Haile, and Tracy A. McFarlane)

Academic conference

An event for researchers to present and discuss their recent work. It is often a part of an academic professional association’s annual meeting.

"I’m looking forward to presenting my work and hearing about the work of other researchers at the National Conference for Undergraduate Research, an academic conference about the improvement, management, and promotion of undergraduate research."

Action Research

Action research conducted to solve problems, inform policy, or improve the way that issues are addressed and problems solved. There are two broad types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.

Appendix

Supplementary material usually attached at the end of a piece of writing.

Article database

Searchable collection of multiple academic journals or other media that are usually used to find relevant existing research (secondary sources) on a topic. Some databases, like JSTOR, search across multiple disciplines, whereas some, like PubMed, are specific to certain fields. Online databases accessible through the UCLA Library are available by searching on the library homepage.

"The PhilPapers article database is a great place to find academic articles about philosophy."

Artist Statement

An artist’s statement is a text that describes their work and gives the viewer an understanding of its context. The statement is not one size fits all; rather, will likely be revised many times throughout an artist’s lifetime to fit the needs of the environments in which it will be displayed, which include galleries, applications, and press releases.

Bias

Influences that distort the results of a research study.

Case study

The collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including data derived from the subjects themselves.

Citation manager

Citation programs that allow you to collect, organize, and retrieve citation information from books, articles and websites and assist in inserting properly formatted footnotes or citations and bibliographies into a research paper.

"My citation manager of choice is Zotero, but some of my colleagues prefer EndNote or Mendeley."

Citation style

A set of rules on how to cite sources in academic writing. The three most common types include MLA, APA, and Chicago.

"The essay prompt says to use the MLA 8 citation style."

Claim

A statement, similar to a hypothesis, which is made in response to the research question and that is affirmed with evidence based on research.

Cluster analysis

A statistical method for processing data. It works by organizing items into groups, or clusters, on the basis of how closely associated they are.

"We can conduct a cluster analysis to find out which flowers belong to the same species."

Cohort analysis

Group by group analytic treatment of individuals having a statistical factor in common to each group. Group members share a particular characteristic (e.g., born in a given year) or a common experience (e.g., entering a college at a given time).

Confidentiality

A research condition in which no one except the researcher(s) knows the identities of the participants in a study. It refers to the treatment of information that a participant has disclosed to the researcher in a relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be revealed to others in ways that violate the original consent agreement, unless permission is granted by the participant.

Confirmability objectivity

The findings of the study could be confirmed by another person conducting the same study.

Contract course

Supervised individual research or investigation under guidance of faculty member, with a culminating paper or project.

Control Group

In an experiment, the control group does not receive the intervention or treatment under investigation. This group may also be referred to as the comparison group.

Creative Inquiry

Creative inquiry is the process of exploring issues, objects or works through the collection and analysis of evidence including combining or synthesizing existing ideas, products, or expertise in original ways to answer an open-ended question or achieve a desired goal.

Curriculum vitae

A curriculum vitae, also called a vita or CV, is similar to a résumé and provides key information about your skills, education, and experience to a potential employer. A CV is typically used to apply for academic and research positions and for some graduate programs. It is longer than a résumé and displays academic credentials and accomplishments in greater detail.

Check out this CV from Jen, a past member of the WI+RE team! Link to Jen's CV

Database

A database is a usually large collection of data organized especially for rapid search and retrieval (as by a computer).

Discipline

Specific area of study; formally organized body of knowledge.

My discipline is comparative literature.

Dissertation

An extended usually written treatment of a subject - specifically one submitted for a doctorate.

Double-blind review

A form of peer-review when both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa, throughout the review process.

Empirical Research

The process of developing systematized knowledge gained from observations that are formulated to support insights and generalizations about the phenomena being researched.

Ethnography

A method to study groups and/or cultures over a period of time. The goal of this type of research is to comprehend the particular group/culture through immersion into the culture or group. Research is completed through various methods but, since the researcher is immersed within the group for an extended period of time, more detailed information is usually collected during the research.

Faculty-initiated project

Working on a faculty-initiated project gives you the chance to help a faculty member on a research project. A great resource for finding faculty-initiated projects is the Undergraduate Research Portal. In addition, you could ask your professors and TAs about available research opportunities.

"I’m hoping to join a faculty-initiated research project in Ecology so I can gain some research experience before embarking on my own projects."

Field studies

Academic or other investigative studies undertaken in a natural setting, rather than in laboratories, classrooms, or other structured environments.

Framework

The structure and support that may be used as both the launching point and the on-going guidelines for investigating a research problem.

Graduate record exam

The Graduate Record Examination, or GRE, is an important step in the graduate school or business school application process. The GRE is a multiple-choice, computer-based, standardized exam that is often required for admission to graduate programs and graduate business programs (MBA) globally.

"Some graduate programs require GRE scores, while others do not."

Honors collegium

The Honors Collegium is a series of courses with an interdisciplinary emphasis designed for students enrolled in College Honors, but not necessarily limited to students in College Honors. It encourages animated discussion among students, as well as between students and professors and seeks to promote scholarly exchange across the major disciplines at UCLA.

"I fulfilled my Writing II requirement by taking an interdisciplinary Honors collegium course on Nabokov and Theory of Mind." — Kian, fourth-year UCLA undergraduate

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a prediction about the outcome of a study that is stated in sentence form.

Interdisciplinary research

Interdisciplinary research is a mode of research by teams or individuals that integrates information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, and/or theories from two or more disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice.

Intersectionality

Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege.

Keyword

Keywords are important words/concepts found in your research question, topic, or thesis. A quick way to pull keywords from a research question is to choose the most important nouns. Using keywords to search will retrieve more results than searching for long phrases or vague, overly broad topics.

Life History

A record of an event/events in a respondent's life told (written down, but increasingly audio or video recorded) by the respondent from his/her own perspective in his/her own words. A life history is different from a 'research story' in that it covers a longer time span, perhaps a complete life, or a significant period in a life.

Literature review

A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. It can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis.

Margin of error

The permittable or acceptable deviation from the target or a specific value. The allowance for slight error or miscalculation or changing circumstances in a study.

Meta-analysis

An analysis combining the results of several studies that address a set of related hypotheses.

Methodology

Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability. It answers two main questions - How was the data collected or generated? How was it analyzed?

Minor

Also known as academic minor. The academic minor comprises a designated group of classes in a discipline that is outside the major field(s). Minors typically consist of a minimum of 18 credit hours and are not required to obtain a degree.

"My major is in Psychology and my minor is in Professional Writing." List of all minors at UCLA

Mixed methods

The creation of a physical or computer analogy to understand a particular phenomenon. Modeling helps in estimating the relative magnitude of various factors involved in a phenomenon. A successful model can be shown to account for unexpected behavior that has been observed, to predict certain behaviors, which can then be tested experimentally, and to demonstrate that a given theory cannot account for certain phenomenon.

Modeling

A research approach that uses two or more methods from both the quantitative and qualitative research categories. It is also referred to as blended methods, combined methods, or methodological triangulation.

Oral presentation

A short talk on one’s research (or that of a research team), most often for the purposes of sharing findings and receiving feedback from peers and colleagues during an academic conference or symposium.

"I’m giving an oral presentation on gender representation in comic books at an academic conference."

Peer review

A process of subjecting an author’s scholarly work, research or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field.

Pedagogy

As the approach to teaching, the theory and practice of learning and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy is the practice of considering the interactions that take place during learning.

PhD

The highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by a university. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research, normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation, and defend their work against experts in the field. The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may, in many jurisdictions, use the title Doctor (often abbreviated Dr or Dr.) with their name.

Positionality

Positionality is the notion that personal values, views, and location in time and space influence how one understands the world. In this context, gender, race, class, and other aspects of identities are indicators of social and spatial positions are not fixed, given qualities. Positions act on the knowledge a person has about things, both material and abstract. Consequently, knowledge is the product of a specific position that reflects particular places and spaces.

Positionality statement

A positionality statement is a description of an author's in society, especially as it relates to a particular project.

"Alexandra Brown is a tenured professor at a university with a predominantly white student body and faculty. She is a former public school teacher with seven years of experience in a diverse classroom (approx. 40% African American, 40% Hispanic American, and 20% Caucasian American). Her research is conducted at a local community tutoring program in Los Angeles that serves 120 high school students each week. Most of the students served work part-time jobs at least 12 hours a week in addition to attending school full time. Brown is fluent in English and has some ability to communicate in Spanish. Working with community students who are fluent in Spanish and have some ability to communicate in English is within her skill range, but when interacting with students new to English, she relies on translators to help ensure clear communication. Sometimes these translators are professionals employed by the school district or community center and sometimes they are other students. Her research is informed by a commitment to recognizing language diversity and the expertise that many multi-lingual high school students share with their peers, teachers, and community. Brown’s research is funded by grants from UCLA and the Arthur Vining Davis Corporation.."

Poster presentation

Presentation through the use of a poster showing a visual display of your research project and combines text and graphics to make a visually pleasing presentation. Typically, a professional poster involves showing your work to numerous researchers at a conference or seminar.

"During my poster presentation at UCLA Undergraduate Research Poster Day, I stood in front of my poster and talked to passersby about my research."

Primary sources

Immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it.

"Suppose I’m an English major researching the works of Toni Morrison. Her novel The Bluest Eye would be an example of a primary source. A book review of The Bluest Eye would be a secondary source."

Principal investigator

A principal investigator, or PI, is the individual responsible for the preparation, conduct, and administration of a research grant, cooperative agreement, training or public service project, contract, or other sponsored project.

Professional association

A body of persons engaged in the same profession, they may maintain professional standards and ethics, award and reward work within the profession, coordinate the collection of data or maintain data sources, organize conferences and events, promote professional development, represent the profession in discussions with other bodies, some may oversee certifications that control entry into the profession.

Prospectus

A prospectus or project proposal is a document describing the major features and feasibility of a proposed literary work, research or creative project, business venture, etc., in enough detail so that prospective mentors, advisors, sponsors, investors, or participants may evaluate it. In academics, a prospectus may be presented prior to embarking on the research for a thesis or dissertation.

Qualitative research

Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.

Quantitative research

Research that gathers numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon.

Reference

In the context of research, to reference a work is to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers in your work, giving credit to those from whom you have borrowed words and ideas.

Research

Research is systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. This means that a project or study is research if it is conducted with the intention of drawing conclusions that have some general applicability and uses a commonly accepted scientific method.

Research grant

Non-repayable funds or products disbursed or given by one party (grant makers), often a government department, corporation, foundation or trust, to a recipient, often (but not always) a nonprofit entity, educational institution, business or an individual.

Research poster

An organized, visual display of your research project. Typically, you present your poster in a poster session at a conference or seminar. Conference or seminar attendees will walk by your poster, study its contents, and ask you questions. You should be prepared to answer questions and to explain your project one-on-one frequently throughout the poster session.

Sample

The population researched in a particular study. Usually, attempts are made to select a 'sample population' that is considered representative of groups of people to whom results will be generalized or transferred. In studies that use inferential statistics to analyze results or which are designed to be generalizable, sample size is critical, generally the larger the number in the sample, the higher the likelihood of a representative distribution of the population.

Secondary sources

Sources that were created later by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching. A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources.

"Suppose I’m an English major researching the works of Toni Morrison. Her novel The Bluest Eye would be an example of a primary source. A book review of The Bluest Eye would be a secondary source."

Senior thesis

A large, independent research project that students take on during their senior year of college to fulfill their graduation requirement. It is the culminating work of their studies at a particular institution, and it represents their ability to conduct research and write effectively.

"In order to have enough data for my senior thesis, my advisor recommended that I join a research lab by Winter Quarter of my third year."

Student-initiated project

Working on a student-initiated project gives you the chance to pursue a project of your own design under the guidance of a faculty mentor. To find a faculty mentor, you might ask professors with whom you have taken courses in your area of interest.

Symposium

Symposium is an academic event, where the participants - representatives of academic or scientific world, present their achievements or reflections on a particular subject. The symposium can be easily described as a small conference or an academic gathering of experts to debate over new developments and discoveries in the field

Synthesis matrix

A synthesis matrix is a table that can be used to organize research. When completed, it provides a visual representation of main ideas found in the literature and also shows where there is overlap in ideas between authors. A completed matrix will help to integrate all of the different resources together, which will facilitate the synthesis of information on a specific topic and writing a literature review.

  • Writing a Literature Review Accepted to the PRIMO database of Peer reviewed materials online Featured as a PRIMO site of the month 5-star editor review on merlot.org (Workshop)

Problem statement

A problem statement is a move that a document makes to help the reader realize why the document is important. Problem statements can be either formal — like a thesis statement — or they can be informal — usually a sentence that explains how what you are saying will impact the reader.

Tertiary sources

Publications that summarize and digest the information in primary and secondary sources to provide background on a topic, idea, or event.

"Examples of tertiary sources include textbooks and encyclopedias."

Theory

A general explanation about a specific behavior or set of events that is based on known principles and serves to organize related events in a meaningful way. A theory is not as specific as a hypothesis.

Thesis

Declarative sentence that asserts the position a paper will be taking.

"Both Freud, in Civilization and Its Discontents, and Gilman, in Women and Economics, attest to the social relevance of the individual’s sexual instincts, but disagree about the role that sex ought to play in society."

Translational research

Medical research that is concerned with facilitating the practical application of scientific discoveries to the development and implementation of new ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.